A recent meta-analysis revealed that the positive effects of CBT on depression have been declining since The overall results showed two different declines in effect sizes: 1 an overall decline between and , and 2 a steeper decline between and Some critics argue that CBT studies have high drop-out rates compared to other treatments.
At times, the CBT drop-out rates can be more than five times higher than those of other treatment groups. Critics argue that one of the hidden assumptions in CBT is that of determinism, or the absence of free will, because CBT invokes a type of cause-and-effect relationship with cognition. Specifically, critics argue that since CBT holds that external stimuli from the environment enter the mind, causing different thoughts that lead to emotional states, there is no room in CBT theory for agency, or free will.
Humanistic therapy helps individuals access and understand their feelings, gain a sense of meaning in life, and reach self-actualization. As a psychotherapeutic treatment approach, humanistic therapy typically holds that people are inherently good.
It adopts a holistic approach to human existence and pays special attention to such phenomena as creativity, free will, and human potential. Humanistic psychology acknowledges spiritual aspiration as an integral part of the human psyche and is linked to the emerging field of transpersonal psychology.
The aim of humanistic therapy is to help the client develop a stronger, healthier sense of self, as well as access and understand their feelings to help gain a sense of meaning in life. Empathy is one of the most important aspects of humanistic therapy. Another key element is unconditional positive regard, which refers to the care that the therapist needs to have for the client.
Unconditional positive regard is characterized by warmth, acceptance, and non-judgment. This ensures that the therapist does not become the authority figure in the relationship, and allows for a more open flow of information, as well as a kinder relationship between the two.
A therapist practicing humanistic therapy needs to show a willingness to listen and ensure the comfort of the client by creating an environment where genuine feelings may be shared but are not forced upon someone.
In humanistic therapy, there are two widely practiced techniques: gestalt therapy and client-centered therapy. Gestalt therapy focuses on the skills and techniques that permit an individual to be more aware of their feelings.
According to this approach, it is much more important to understand what and how clients are feeling, rather than to identify what is causing their feelings. Previous theories are thought to spend an unnecessary amount of time making assumptions about what causes behavior.
Instead, Gestalt therapy focuses on the here and now. Client-centered therapy provides a supportive environment in which clients can reestablish their true identity. This approach is based on the idea that fear of judgment prevents people from sharing their true selves with the world around them, causing them to instead establish a public identity to navigate a judgmental world.
The ability to reestablish their true identity will help the individual understand themselves as they truly are. Client-centered therapy : In client-centered therapy, a form of humanistic therapy, one of the goals is to establish a trusting relationship built on empathy and unconditional positive regard. Humanistic therapy is used to treat a broad range of people and mental health challenges. It has been used in the treatment of schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, relationship issues, personality disorders, and various addictions, such as alcoholism.
Many proponents advocate the idea that it can be useful and effective with any population; however, others have argued that it has limited effectiveness with individuals who have limited access to education. Certain studies suggest that humanistic therapy is at least as effective as other forms of psychotherapy at producing stable, positive changes over time for clients that engage in this form of treatment.
While personal transformation may be the primary focus of most humanistic psychologists, humanistic approaches have also been applied to theories of social transformation related to pressing social, cultural, and gender issues. Critics have taken issue with many of the early tenets of humanistic psychology. As with all early psychological approaches, questions have been raised about the lack of empirical evidence used in research. Because of the subjective nature of the framework, psychologists worry about the fallibility of the humanistic approach.
The holistic approach allows for much variation but does not identify enough constant variables to be researched with true accuracy.
Psychologists also worry that such an extreme focus on the subjective experience of the individual does little to explain or appreciate the impact of society on personality development. Body-oriented psychotherapies focus on the importance of working with the body in the treatment of mental health issues. Psychotherapists employ a range of techniques based on experiential relationship-building, dialogue, communication, and behavior change that are designed to improve the mental health of a client or to improve family or group relationships such as in a family.
In addition to the more common forms of psychotherapy including humanistic, cognitive-behavioral, and psychodynamic approaches , there are several alternative, body-oriented therapies that serve specific purposes. Body-oriented therapies, also referred to as body psychotherapies, are based on the principles of somatic psychology, which involves the study of the body, somatic experience, and the embodied self, including therapeutic and holistic approaches to the body.
A wide variety of techniques are used in body-oriented therapies, including sound, touch, mirroring, movement, and breath. There is an increasing use of body-oriented therapeutic techniques within mainstream psychology such as the practice of mindfulness , and psychoanalysis has recognized the use of such concepts as somatic resonance and embodied trauma. These alternative methods include but are not limited to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing EMDR , light therapy , hypnotherapy, and yoga.
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing EMDR is a psychotherapy technique discovered in by Francine Shapiro for use in the treatment of anxiety, stress, and trauma.
The goal of EMDR is to reduce the long-lasting effects of distressing memories by developing more adaptive coping mechanisms. The therapy uses an eight-phase approach that includes having the patient recall distressing images while receiving one of several types of bilateral sensory input, such as side-to-side eye movements.
EMDR was originally developed to treat adults with post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD ; however, it is also used to treat other conditions. Light therapy also known as phototherapy or heliotherapy consists of exposure to daylight or to specific wavelengths of light using polychromatic polarized light, fluorescent lamps, or very bight, full-spectrum light.
Light is usually controlled with various devices. The light is administered for a prescribed amount of time and, in some cases, at a specific time of day. Hypnotherapy is a form of psychotherapy used to create unconscious change in the patient in the form of new responses, thoughts, attitudes, behaviors, or feelings. Under hypnosis, a person experiences heightened suggestibility and responsiveness. Hypnotherapy : Hypnotherapy is different than the sort of hypnosis performed on stage.
It is a form of psychotherapy used to create unconscious change in a person and can be effective in treating many disorders. Yoga as exercise or alternative medicine is a modern phenomenon that has been influenced by the ancient Indian practice of hatha yoga. It involves holding stretches as a kind of low-impact physical exercise, and is often used for therapeutic purposes. Yoga in this sense often occurs in a class and may involve meditation, imagery, breath work, and music. Body-oriented therapies are based on the principles of somatic psychology, which was founded by Wilhelm Reich in the s.
Reich was the first person to bring body awareness systematically into psychoanalysis and also the first psychotherapist to touch clients physically. A review of body-oriented therapy research finds there is a small but growing empirical-evidence base about the outcomes of these approaches; however, it is weakened by the fragmentation of the field into different branches and schools.
Research across eight different schools of body-oriented therapies suggests overall efficacy in symptom reduction, though more research is needed. There is also support for positive effects on subjectively experienced depressive and anxiety symptoms, somatisation, and social insecurity. Other body-oriented therapies can help a client to recover a sense of physical boundaries, thereby helping to reestablish trust after a traumatizing incident.
Light therapy is used to treat certain sleep disorders and can also be used to treat seasonal affective disorder. There is also some support for its use with non-seasonal psychiatric disorders and skin disorders such as psoriasis. Modern hypnotherapy is widely used for the treatment of anxiety, subclinical depression, certain habit disorders, irrational fears, insomnia, and addiction. Both the meditative and the exercise components of hatha yoga have been researched for both specific and non-specific health benefits.
Hatha yoga has been studied as an intervention for many mental health conditions, including stress and depression. In general, it can help improve quality of life, but does not treat disease.
As with many alternative therapies, body-oriented therapy is criticized for its lack of scientific validation and empirical evidence. Many of the claims regarding the efficacy of body-oriented therapies are considered controversial due to lack of research. Many critics point to the fact that there is no clear explanation or evidence for how or why various body-oriented therapies work. In addition, the importance of ethical issues in body-oriented therapy has been highlighted on account of the intimacy of the techniques used in several kinds of therapies.
In particular, care must be taken when working with clients who have experienced trauma, especially when a body-oriented therapy involves touch by the practitioner.
Group therapy is a form of psychotherapy in which one or more therapists treat a small group of clients together at the same time. Receiving therapy in a group changes the therapist-client relationship dramatically, and therefore affects outcomes. Group therapy can be based on any theoretical approach, from cognitive-behavioral to humanistic. However, in the psychodynamic sense, it specifically indicates a situation where the group context and group process is explicitly utilized as a mechanism of change by developing, exploring, and examining interpersonal relationships within the group.
In short, the interpersonal dynamics that play out in the group are reflections of what happens in real life. Group dynamics : The group context and group process is explicitly used as a mechanism of change by developing, exploring, and examining interpersonal relationships within the group and seeing them as reflections of what happens in real life. Irvin D. Yalom outlined key therapeutic principles, which are derived from reports of individuals who have undergone group therapy.
These principles summarize the benefits of group therapy:. After World War II, group psychotherapy was further developed by many therapists. An early development in group therapy was the T-group or training group sometimes also referred to as sensitivity-training group, human-relations-training group or encounter group. This is a form of group psychotherapy where participants typically, between eight and 15 people learn about themselves and about small-group processes in general through their interaction with each other.
They use feedback, problem solving, and role play to gain insights into themselves, others, and groups. It was pioneered in the mids by Kurt Lewin and Carl Rogers and his colleagues as a method of learning about human behavior in what became the National Training Laboratories now NTL Institute in Group therapy has proven to be very effective for the treatment of depression and traumatic stress, such as that suffered by sexual abuse survivors and people with post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD.
There is also good evidence for effectiveness with chronic traumatic stress in war veterans. However, there is less robust evidence of good outcomes for patients with borderline personality disorder. These patients may require additional support beyond group therapy. This theory is borne out by the impressive results obtained using mentalization-based treatment, a model that combines group therapy with individual therapy and case management.
Clinical cases have shown that the combination of both individual and group therapy is typically the most beneficial for most clients. Because of this, a person seeking the benefits of group therapy or a support group may have trouble distinguishing between the many options that exist. Someone looking for the help of a professional psychiatrist may not get the medical attention they need if they enter a more casual group.
Additionally, group therapy alone may not be sufficient for some psychiatric disorders. Expressive therapies use the creative arts as a form of therapy; systemic therapies emphasize the treatment of a system rather than an individual.
Expressive therapy, also known as expressive arts therapy and creative arts therapy, is the use of the creative arts as a form of therapy. Unlike traditional art expression, the process of creation is emphasized rather than the final product. Expressive therapy is predicated on the assumption that people can heal through the use of imagination and the various forms of creative expression.
Some of the most common forms of expressive therapy are:. However, there are many other types of expressive therapy in which creative work is used to promote healing. All expressive therapists share the belief that through creative expression and the tapping of the imagination, a person can examine the body, feelings, emotions, and his or her thought process.
Only recently have the various forms of expressive therapy begun to be grouped together; however, forms of dance, music, and art therapy have all existed for a long time. Music has been used as a healing implement for centuries. As early as BC, Hippocrates played music for mental patients. One of the main goals of this therapy is to help the client gain self-awareness and work on self-improvement.
This therapy emphasizes the clients positive traits, behaviors, and good nature. This approach emphasizes the clients ability to find fulfillment, healing, and maximum potential within themselves. Humanistic therapy emphasizes the importance of accepting responsibility for yourself and focusing on the present. Instead of the therapist being an authoritative figure, they help clients change by expressing their care and interest.
Humanistic therapy is most often used to treat:. Humanistic therapy also focuses on free will, self-determination, and the search for meaning. This type of therapy is mainly talk based, and focuses on how a person feels in the now rather than focusing on past events. Eclectic therapy is an approach that blends many different elements to create a tailored treatment for each client. Instead of focusing solely on one method, eclectic therapists use a range of techniques in order to create an ideal and personalized approach.
The approach varies depending on the client, and often uses many different methods to deal with one situation. Some psychologists argue that because eclecticism does not have a specific theory to follow, it can cause a psychologist to lead a client blindly.
However, eclectic therapists say that it allows them to treat clients more effectively due to the fact that they are not as limited. There are many different approaches to psychotherapy, each based on different theories and practices. The most important thing to figure out is whether your psychologist has expertise in the areas you need help in, and has reliable credentials.
If you are interested in learning more about psychotherapy or other holistic treatments, I encourage you to check out our personalized care questionnaire in order to figure out which service will be right for you. If you are still a bit unsure, try reading some of our testimonials from clients who have seen results from their treatments. Psychotherapy: The Four Main Approaches. Humanistic therapy is most often used to treat: Anxiety Depression Panic Disorders Personality Disorders Schizophrenia Addiction Relationship Issues Humanistic therapy also focuses on free will, self-determination, and the search for meaning.
What is Spinal Decompression Therapy? If you suffer from back pain, you already know the effect it can have on every aspect of your life.
Working, walking, or even doing everyday things around the house can be a constant, painful struggle. Nonsurgical gentle spinal decompression is an alternative treatment option that could permanently eliminate your back pain.
Spinal decompression works by gently stretching and relieving pressure in the spine so that the spinal disk pressure that's causing your back pain is Slipping, bulging or herniated discs retract relieving the pressure off the nerves and other structures within your spine.
The result is immediate pain relief and the acceleration of the natural healing process. So if you're suffering from back pain, neck pain, sciatica or bulging or herniated discs now, you can stop hurting and start healing. With nonsurgical spinal decompression therapy. How to Deal with Back Pain. The cost of therapy may stop some people from getting the help they need.
These tips may help make therapy more affordable. Trauma therapy can help you feel better after experiencing a traumatic event in your life. Here are the options for trauma-focused therapeutic…. Interpersonal Psychotherapy or IPT helps you feel better while addressing interpersonal challenges.
It's recommended for depression, anxiety, bipolar…. Cognitive behavioral therapy is one of the most popular forms of therapy used today. Could it work for you? Electroconvulsive therapy ECT may be considered for depression when other traditional therapies have not worked. It's not commonly used and only….
Some people prefer attending therapy from the comfort of their own home. Here are the 5 best online group therapy options for If you're wondering how to start, here's some helpful…. EFT is a 3-stage psychotherapy approach that can help you identify unwanted relationship patterns and develop more secure ways to connect to others.
Are we using the wrong criteria to diagnose mental health conditions? What Are the Different Types of Psychotherapy? What is psychotherapy? Interpersonal psychotherapy IPT.
Cognitive behavioral therapy CBT. Dialectical behavioral therapy DBT. Psychoanalytical and psychodynamic therapy. Humanistic therapy.
Eclectic therapy. How to choose your psychotherapy approach. Can You Recover from Trauma? Read this next. Ready to Talk? Insecure Attachments?
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