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It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Sign In. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume This article was originally published in. Article Contents Abstract. History and epidemiology of listeriosis. Oxford Academic. Cite Cite H. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions. Abstract Listeriae are used as a tool by different specialities in biomedical research.
Listeria , Listeriosis , Listeria monocytogenes , Food microbiology , Immunology. Table 1 Food safety. Food items which may contain L. Sandwiches Hard cheese Lettuce, raw mushrooms Chocolate, marmalade, cookies Raw milk and products made from this material Raw carrots Soft cheese Munster, Roquefort, Camembert, Brie Raw apples Fresh cheese ricotta, feta Raw tomatoes Seafood mussels, salmon All kind of meals which are conserved after having been heated.
Open in new tab. Table 2 People at risk. Incidence of listeriosis in certain populations at risk per , individuals per year Normal population 0. Open in new tab Download slide. A disease of rabbits characterized by a large mononuclear leucocytosis caused by a hitherto undescribed bacillus Bacterium monocytogenes n.
Google Scholar Crossref. Search ADS. Granulomatosis infantiseptica. Google Scholar PubMed. The influence of immunologically committed lymphoid cells on macrophage activity in vitro. Issue Section:.
Download all slides. View Metrics. Email alerts Article activity alert. In healthy, non-pregnant people, listeriosis can cause gastroenteritis—mainly diarrhea—accompanied by a fever. Other symptoms may include vomiting, joint pain, headache, and body pain. This form of listeriosis has a much shorter incubation period, with symptoms typically occurring within 24 hours after a person ingests a high number of the bacteria. The illness is usually mild and goes away on its own.
The diarrhea can last up to 5 days. The elderly and people with weakened immune systems have a higher risk of getting a more severe form of listeriosis, including:. In a joint risk assessment report on L.
Symptoms of listeriosis vary depending on the form and can come on suddenly. Symptoms may include fever, muscle aches, severe headache, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck, confusion, loss of balance, and convulsions. In contrast to the incubation period for other, more common foodborne illnesses, like salmonellosis, the incubation period for listeriosis can be long and also varies depending on the form. Cases involving a blood infection have a fairly short incubation period, with a median of 2 days.
For cases involving encephalitis or meningitis, the incubation period is longer, with a median of 9 days. There is also a skin form of listeriosis that results from intact skin coming into direct contact with the bacteria. The skin form is rare and mostly seen in people with at-risk jobs, such as veterinarians or farmers, who are exposed to sick animals or diseased tissues, especially after an animal has a pregnancy loss caused by L.
Signs of disease are mainly seen in ruminants, such as cattle, goats, and sheep. Sheep are particularly sensitive to the bacteria. Listeriosis is one of the most common causes of encephalitis inflammation of the brain in adult ruminants. Infected animals most commonly show severe neurologic signs, such as loss of balance, circling, and unusual body spasms. Fever, loss of appetite, and decreased activity level are also usually seen. Some ruminant herds have had large numbers of late-term pregnancy losses.
Newborn ruminants typically develop a blood infection. Listeriosis in ruminants most often occurs in the winter and early spring and is likely caused by the animals eating spoiled silage. Listeriosis is more common in rabbits and rodents than dogs and cats. Rabbits and chinchillas South American rodents are particularly sensitive to the bacteria.
The disease usually causes a blood infection. Pregnancy loss and uterine inflammation are also common, especially in chinchillas. These reproductive problems are often associated with gastrointestinal signs, such as diarrhea or constipation. Large outbreaks of listeriosis have been seen in captive rabbits and rodents. The source of infection in these outbreaks was thought to be contaminated food. However, more serious signs are possible, such as fever, muscle pain, breathing problems, pregnancy loss, and even death.
This means that even if the pets appear healthy, they can still shed L. For example, cats can spread L. One way dogs can spread the bacteria is when they have stool accidents inside the home.
Pet waste from both sick and healthy pets can be a source of infection for people. Animal feed and pet food are recalled for various reasons, including for the presence of Listeria. CVM Kid's Page. The Statistics at a Glance Compared to other foodborne illnesses, listeriosis is rare but very serious. Back to the top Characteristics L. The bacteria can contaminate a variety of food, such as: Raw meat; Ready-to-eat processed meat such as hot dogs and deli meat both factory-sealed packages and products sold at deli counters ; Raw vegetables; Refrigerated pates; Ready-to-eat smoked seafood and raw seafood; Prepared or stored salads, including coleslaw and fresh fruit salad; Melons; Soft cheeses made with unpasteurized milk; and Unpasteurized milk and milk products.
Back to the top Listeriosis in People Listeriosis occurs almost exclusively in pregnant women, newborns, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems such as those with cancer or other diseases.
Table 1: Comparison of Early- and Late-onset Listeriosis in Newborns Early-onset listeriosis Late-onset listeriosis Baby Usually premature Usually full-term and healthy Mother Recent flu-like illness before delivery No signs of illness before delivery Source of infection In utero from L.
Supporting References. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Information for health professionals and laboratories. Accessed Jun 7, Pathogenesis of bacterial infections in animals. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Publishing, ; Risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods: technical report. Microbiological risk assessment series; no.
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