President Barack Obama kept Mr. But it was his second White House invitation from Mr. Trump, who has obviously established a rapport with him. At a meeting in Saudi Arabia in May , the two lavished praise on each other, with Mr. Boy, those shoes. I was able to break down film with Coach Gattis, and we had a great rapport with each other.
Powell was discussing himself rather than the policies of the central bank. Rapport derives from French; to be en rapport was to be on the same wavelength with another. Report carries a number of senses as a noun "common talk," "a usually detailed account or statement," "an explosive noise" and as a verb too numerous to list. Rapport retains its French pronunciation in English, unlike report , in which the end —t is pronounced. When the comedian Stephen Colbert hosted The Colbert Report , he encouraged viewers to pronounce the last word in the title like rapport , to match the pronunciation of his French-derived name.
As for politeness, friendship and intimacy opened ways for the girls as well as boys to use profane and judgmental language which was accepted by the receiver due to their close ties. Through the conversations, interruption and overlapping was normal as it showed that everyone was engaged and giving their comments and not as a source of cutting off the person's talk.
It was noted that in batch 1, the tone was still the same for girls and boys as when they were discussing formal topics. Females still used tag questions to ensure what they were saying was correct using others' opinions while males still did not attribute this feature. As for minimal responses, females tend to show more their positive opinions, while males used them to express freely their opinion, whether positive or negative opinion.
Regarding politeness, girls' comments showed agreement and support while the boys' comments was assertive and freely expressed, even if it was not very "polite. However, they did overlap to show engagement in the discussion. As for the males, they overlapped to show disagreement and to open new discussions. In batch 2 and batch 3, no differences were noted between formal and informal talk. Similarly, males when in the absence of females spoke more openly, using aggressive language, impolite language and interrupted often.
Discussion This study along with its findings showed how there is a significant relationship between gender factors and language use. Bearing in mind that it is a Lebanese culture, and there are some givens that it is a patriarchal society, some rules in language are subconsciously used without even thinking about them. It was realized that different speech acts were behaved differently in mixed-sex groups and single-sex groups which shows that there are cultural norms implanted in the social roots of each gender and they tend to behave in the given expectations.
However, the types of talks formal and informal did not have an effect on the speech variations. Profane language, seen as a taboo in the Lebanese culture, is avoided to be used in front of the other sex. For instance, girls tend to use it with their close friends and intimacy was a factor that minimized the consequences of being understood and labeled "unclean" using such a language.
From the other perspective, males tend to use profane language only when males were together because it is "disrespectful" to curse in front of girls. Cultural barriers are already set and both genders abide by it. Males would see it as a "dishonor" to use profane language in the presence of girls, even if there were intimate bonds, and would say that "I would not like boys to talk like that in front of my sister", thus they avoid it. Concerning tag questions, I would disagree with Lakoff saying that girls have a subordinate role in society and use tag questions because of uncertainty.
Also, tag questions were used as a facilitator of the conversation and in order to make the conversation flow. Minimal responses were perceived to be used from both genders and did not mark only agreement. As Fishman has previously claimed, minimal responses could function to show active listening or interest in the topic and not always the case of support or collaborative language Fishman, The findings showed that males and females used those responses when they wanted to show that they have understood, skeptic about something or to show their reactions towards the talk.
The last features to be discussed include interruptions, over-lapping and turn-taking. Although it has been attributed throughout the literature to notions of power and dominance, different patterns were noted in the study. Girls in the presence of boys listened actively and did not interrupt, however overlapped to show agreement. Males however listened actively to the girls without interruption, however interrupted and overlapped their male friends to correct the information being delivered.
Moreover, in single-sex pairs, interruption was more noted from both sexes, and for different purposes including agreement, disagreement, judging, elaboration, and critical attitudes. Limitations Although this study was able to attain its purpose, it had potential limitations. In selecting the sample, only limited ability was available to gain access to a geographic scope of participants, in Beirut and in a private university.
Additionally, in terms of the sample size, the study was conducted on a small number of participants due to time constraints and access to members of the institutions. Thus, a need for a future study or a longitudinal study could be built on this work. Conclusion My analysis demonstrates systematic differences in the ways men and women use language, both in terms of what they say and how they choose to say it. As I have explained the different view throughout the literature in the beginning of my paper, Labov and Lakoff, among other pioneers and researchers had examined language variation in the lens of gender and opened ways for other researchers to further examine and build on their works.
From childhood, society and cultural factors make us learn to distinguish between man and women. This further expanded to the language field and had an influence on how individuals perceive one another even in language use, showing that gender is a social construct.
Due to those differences, we not only identify the differences between men and women, but we also commit to behave according to those differences since we are aware of the norms and expectations attributed to our gender. Thus, individuals develop a different mentality about gender and start behaving and speaking according to it. As I have observed in my field work, women and men tend to speak with respect to their cultural background and gender expectations, which was what mainly shaped their speaking patters.
Accordingly, whatever topic was brought up, they would approach it from that angle. Additionally, the notion of power and dominance of men and women language also varies. The society and culture plays a significant role in terms of power and dominance.
Coming from a patriarchal society and having that mindset, men and women tend to abide to the rules of normalizing the male to speak in a higher tone, be more assertive in their speech, and overlap.
It also leads to question of related issues such as "What are the distinguishments between the speech of heterosexual and homosexual people? Minimal studies have been conducted in this sphere and a great silence exists in the literature on gender, sexual orientation and language, which is a crucial topic to be explored in contemporary time and demands further research. Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena.
Goody Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Coates, J. Women Talk: Conversation between Women Friends. Women in Their Speech Communities.
Women, men, and language: A sociolinguistic account of gender differences in language. Harlow, England: Pearson Longman. Women, men and language: a sociolinguistic account of gender differences in language 3rd Ed. Citizenship and Gender in the Arab World. Study on Gender Differences in Language under the Sociolinguistics. Canadian Social Science Vol. Fishman, P. Social Problems. Oxford University Press. New York: Doubleday.
Tannen found that men use talk as a weapon. The function of the long explanations they present is to command attention, convey information and insist on agreement. When men retreat from the battle of Public Speaking to the safety of their own home, they no longer feel obliged to talk to protect their status.
It is expressed in men being silent and avoiding the kind of speech that implies talking about everyday life. Telling a Story Following many others theorists, Tannen recognizes that the stories people tell reveal a great deal about their hopes, needs and values. When telling stories, they generally put themselves as heroes, overcoming great obstacles by their own. On the other hand, women tend to express their desire for community by telling stories about others.
When a woman is a character in her own narrative, which is rare, she usually describes herself as doing something foolish rather than acting in a clever manner.
In this way, she put herself on the same level with her hearer, strengthening her network of support. Women, of course, conclude that men are not listening, which is not necessarily true.
When a woman who is listening starts to speak before the other person is finished, she usually does so to add a word of agreement, to show support or to finish a sentence with what she thinks the speaker will say.
But men regard any interruption as a power move to take control of the conversation because they do it that way. Tannen concludes that these different styles of conversation management are the reason of continuing irritation in cross-gender talk.
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